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SOURCES:

Crohn’s & Colitis Foundation: “Crohn’s Symptoms.”

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: “Definition & Facts for Crohn’s Disease.”

Crohn’s & Colitis Foundation: “Understanding Crohn’s Disease.”

American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons: “Crohn’s Disease Expanded Version.”

Jason Harper, MD, gastroenterologist, University of Washington Medicine, Seattle; board member, Crohn’s & Colitis Foundation, Northwest Chapter.

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: “Symptoms & Causes of Crohn’s Disease.”

Hans Herfarth, MD, professor of medicine, division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of North Carolina; co-director, UNC Multidisciplinary Center for IBD Research and Treatment, University of North Carolina School of Medicine.

UCLA Center for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: “Ulcerative Colitis vs Crohn's Disease.”

Atilla Ertan, MD, clinical professor of medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, and Weill-Cornell Medical College, New York; professor, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; medical director, Gastroenterology Center of Excellence and Digestive Disease Center, Memorial Hermann Hospital-Texas Medical Center, Houston.

Ertan, A.  Journal of Gastroenterology, Pancreatology & Liver Disorders, published online Oct. 9, 2017.

American Gastroenterological Association: “Drug Therapy for Crohn’s.”

Crohn’s & Colitis Foundation: “Crohn’s Treatments.”

American College of Rheumatology: “TNF Inhibitors.”